详论中国传统健康建筑

　　陈启高 唐鸣放 王公禄

　　(重庆建筑大学建筑城规学院630045)

　　克鲁姆 李百战 姚润明

　　摘要 作为世界上历史最悠久的文明古国，中国为人类的发展作出了许多辉煌的贡献。中国建造健康建筑的历史经验就很值得研究。四合院是自古以来遍及全中国的传统建筑。由于各地的气候不同，四合院也有不同的形式，如图1―图5所示[1] 。

　　这些四合院的共同特点是容易保持好的空气质量。本文从热环境、自然采光、天空长波辐射、声环境和室内空气质量等方面描述四合院型建筑所具有的最佳功能。由于四合院型建筑在自然环境、节能以及改善建筑功能方面的显著效果，我们希望发展这种健康建筑，服务全人类。

　　关键词 四合院风水建筑，健康建筑，冬暖夏凉，高质量空气源，昼光环境，噪声控制 中图法分类号 TU―023

　　Healthy Buildings Since Ancient China

　　Chen Qi gao Tang Ming fan Wang Gonglu

　　( Facul ty of Arc hit ect ure a nd Urba n Pla nning，Cho ngqing J ia nzhu Univer sity)

　　De rek Croome Li Bai zhan Yao Run mi ng

　　( The Univer sity of Reading ，White knight s)

　　Abstract China i s of t he mo st ancient civilization in t he wo rld. China has played avery impo r t ant role in the development of mankind having made many glorious contributions. Chinese historical experience of constructing healthy buildings merits at tention. Courtyard style buildings have been handed down f rom ancient China to the present day over all areas of China . Depending on the diff erences in local climate ， there are some variations in shape as shown in Figure 1 - 5 ， but their common properties are a good indoor air quality which is easily maintained. This thesis describes the optimal performance of courtyard buildings from the environment al per spectives of thermal qualit y daylight ， long waveray radiation ， noise and indoor air quality. We hope t hat t hi s building st yle can be developed fo r healt h y buildings to serve all mankind world wide due to t hei r nat ural respo nse and t hei r eff ect s o n ener gy saving and imp roving performance for buildin gs.

　　Key Words quadrangle，wind water buildings，warming in winter and cooling in summer，air source with high quality，day lighting environment，noise control，healthy buildings

　　中国古代住宅是根据风水原理设计建造的，这种住宅有着健康的室内环境。用风水理论设计住宅是大约三千年以前周朝人作出的不朽贡献。风水理论起源于古老的下沉式窑洞(在中国西北这种窑洞仍然可见)，如图6所示，或最初的四合院，如图7所示[2]。基于风水理论产生了四合院型建筑的设计规则，即闭合环绕的建筑中间带有上见天下接水的天井。图8是四合院模型，四合院的功能如图9所示。用古典的风水的定义解释为：“生态之气被风散开被水束缚，古代聪明人聚集生态之气并用风水来保持它们”。